African honeybees as a mitigation method for elephant impact on trees

Conservation managers are concerned about the impact of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) on large tree species, prompting the need for effective mitigation methods. This study tested whether beehives in marula trees (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) could reduce elephant damage compared to wire-netting and untreated trees. Elephants avoid African honeybees (Apis mellifera subsp. scutellata), so 50 active beehives, 50 dummy beehives, 50 wire-netted trees, and 50 control trees were monitored over nine months. Results showed that 54% of control trees, 28% of wire-netted trees, and only 2% of beehive trees were damaged. While wire-netting prevented bark-stripping, beehives were more effective overall. Although beehives require more maintenance and cost, they provide the additional benefit of honey production.