LINK TO Abstract, Figures, Info, etc
Abstract:
The goal of our study was to determine if elephant TP53 (EP53) proteins contributing to increased apoptosis and possible cancer resistance in elephants could translate into human cancer cells as a future effective cancer treatment. We previously reported that elephants have a lower than expected rate of cancer, 20 copies of TP53 (1 ancestral gene with introns [EP53-anc] and 19 retrogenes [EP53-retro1-19]), and increased p53-mediated apoptosis induced by DNA damage in elephant cells compared to human cells (Abegglen JAMA 2015). For the current study, we expressed various EP53 proteins in human cancer cells with different p53 status, including osteosarcoma (U2-OS, Saos-2), glioblastoma (T98G), and breast cancer (MCF7). Western blot analysis confirmed EP53 expression. We compared apoptosis in the human cancer cells transfected/transduced with negative control vectors vs. epitope or protein-tagged EP53 exposed to doxorubicin (to induce DNA damage). Apoptosis was measured by cell viability, caspase activity, Propidium Iodide/Annexin V staining, and fluorescence microscopy. We observed a significant increase in caspase activity (normalized to cell viability) of U2-OS and T98G cells expressing EP53 compared to negative control treated cells as shown in Table 1, and apoptosis with p21 restoration in Saos-2. In U2-OS, which overexpress MDM2, EP53 was more effective at inducing apoptosis compared to human TP53. Taken together, we found that EP53-anc restored p53-mediated apoptosis and EP53-anc / EP53-retro9 enhanced p53-mediated apoptosis. These data suggest for the first time that EP53 functions in human cancer cells to promote cell death. Ongoing efforts are exploring the EP53 mechanism of action that leads to increased apoptosis, including expression of EP53 in additional cancer types (lung, melanoma, colon, prostate, and others) with a variety of genetic backgrounds to characterize its functional context. These results support the further exploration of EP53-based cancer therapeutics.